Intensive Agriculture Area programme (IAAP):
The Credit Authorization Scheme (CAS) was launched in 1965 and was withdrawn in 1989. Under this scheme, all commercial banks had to obtain prior approval / authorization of the RBI before granting a loan of Rs. 1 crore or more to a single borrower.
High Yielding Variety Programme (HYVP): 1966-67 The High Yielding Variety Programme (HYVP) was launched in the Kharif of 1966-67 with an objective to attain self-sufficiency in food by 1970-71. The core philosophy of the programme was to increase the productivity of food grains by adopting latest varieties of inputs of crops. Introduction of new high yielding varieties of improved seeds and enhanced application of the fertilizers and extended use of pesticides were its main features. The Farmers were extended finance through a relaxed mechanism by the Reserve Bank of India through the Central Cooperative Banks. This programme in the 4th five year plan was a major breakthrough and a turning point in the history of agriculture development in India. The programme was successful in the wheat producing zones of the country and some success in the rice and other crops was also achieved. The High Yielding Variety Programme envisaged the introduction of High-yielding varieties of seeds Increased use of fertilizers Increased irrigation.
Green Revolution
The Green Revolution increased in production needed to make India self-sufficient in food grains. These three measures adopted for the improvement of agriculture, food grain production in India increased by 25% in 1967-68 as compared to 1966-67. It was a revolution because of so much increase in the production in just one year. The term “Green Revolution” was first used in 1968 by then USAID director William Gaud. Was Green Revolution confined to India? No, It started from Mexico with the efforts of Dr. Norman Borlaug and expanded to India, Pakistan, Philippines and other parts of the world. Who was Dr. Norman Borlaug? Dr. Norman Borlaug (1914-2009) was a United States agronomist and humanitarian who is called the father of Green Revolution. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 and was honored with Padma Vibhushan by the Government of India. After his PhD in plant pathology and genetics in 1942, he was on a agricultural research position in Mexico where he developed the high-yield, disease-resistant wheat varieties. How Norman’s efforts in Mexico expanded? Dr. Norman started the agricultural development in Mexico and made it a success. The sponsor of this programme was Rockefeller Foundation, whose office later became the “The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center” or CIMMYT. The foundation later sought to spread it to other countries. In India, M. S. Swaminathan was the adviser of the Minister of Agriculture and he had invited Dr. Borlaug to India. Which were the High Yielding Variety Seeds? The following HYV seeds were used in the green revolution: Wheat: Sona, PB 18, Kalyan Bajra: HV 1 Maize: Ganga 101, Ranjit Jowar : CSH 2 The seeds were first used under IADP but the HVYP used these seeds exhastively along with the other measures. What was the result of the Green Revolution? The following comparison of production of the major crops during the Green Revolution Era makes things clear: Years Total food Grains Rice Wheat Jowar 1955-56 693 286 88 67 1960-61 823 247 110 99 1967-68 950 376 187 76 1971-72 1051 430 264 77 1977-78 1250 526 313 120 We can see from the above table that Total food grains production in the country got double from 1955-56 to 1977-78 and the role of Green Revolution is evident from the increased production in 1971-72. The green revolution resulted in increased productivity in India. What was role of Dr. M S Swaminathan? Dr. MS Swaminathan is equally credited for Green Revolution in India. In words of Dr. Norman Borlaug: “The green revolution has been a team effort. However, to you, Dr. Swaminathan, a great deal of credit must go for “first recognizing” the potential of Mexican Dwarfs. Had this not occurred, it is quite possible that there would not have been a green revolution in Asia.” Swaminathan is known for having lobbied with then Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri to import 18000 tons of Mexican seed. He established National Bureau of Plant, Animal and Fish Genetic Resources of India and International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. What is Call for Evergreen Revolution? Dr. MS Swaminathan is at present chairman of National Commission on Farmers. He gives a new call for “Evergreen Revolution” for doubling the present production levels of the food grains. He stresses on adopting some best techniques and promotion of organic farming. The prerequisites as per Dr. Swaminathan are Promotion of soil health, Promotion of lab to land exhibitions, Making rainwater harvesting compulsory and providing credit to farmers on suitable conditions. What is the second Green Revolution adopted in 11th Plan? The 11th five year plan has targeted 4% growth in agriculture sector. However, the growth has not been achieved. The approach paper to the 11th five year plan had highlighted a framework which envisaged improvements such as doubling the rate of growth of irrigation area, improvement of water management, rainwater harvesting, watershed development, reclamation of degraded land, focusing on soil quality, bridging the knowledge gap, diversification into high value outputs etc. The National Commission on farmers had laid a foundation on such a network.
Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) Drought Prone Areas Programme (DPAP) is the “earliest area development programme” launched by the Central Government in 1973-74 to tackle the special problems faced by those fragile areas which are constantly affected by severe drought conditions. These areas are characterized by large human and cattle populations which are continuously putting heavy pressure on the already fragile natural resources base for food, fodder and fuel. The major problems are continuous depletion of vegetative cover, increase in soil erosion, fall in ground water levels due to continuous exploitation without any effort to recharge the underground aquifers. Current Status of DPAP Please note that in 1977-78, Desert Development Programme (DDP) was launched for hot desert areas of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana and cold desert areas of Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. Similarly, in 1989, Integrated Watershed Development Programme (IWDP) was launched under the aegis of National Wasteland Development Board for development of wastelands on watershed basis. In this context, In 1994, a Technical Committee under Chairmanship of Professor C.H. Hanumantha Rao was appointed to appraise the impact of DPAP / DDP and suggest measures for improvement. The committee recommended a common set of operational guidelines and expenditure norms for the three programmes of Ministry of Rural Development. Accordingly, the Guidelines for watershed Development were framed and brought into force from 1st April 1995. These guidelines were changed in 2001 and further in 2003 and were named ” Haryali Guidelines“. Later, the 11th Plan has stressed upon developing concerted action plans for rainfed areas in close consultation with the State Governments. Accordingly, the Common Guidelines for Watershed Development, 2008 have been issued and made effective from 1.4.2008. Since 26.2.2009, the three watershed programmes of the Department of Land Resources namely DPAP, DDP and IWDP have been consolidated as a comprehensive programme named ‘ Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP)‘. So, at present, the Integrated Wastelands Development Programme (IWDP), Drought Prone Areas Programme (DPAP) and Desert Development Programme (DDP) are running as a consolidated single programme named Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) in place of all the above mentioned three Area Development Programmes. (Information related to this topic is outdated in most books). This programme comes under Ministry of Rural Development.
1964-65 The core philosophy of the IAAP was that “much greater emphasis should be given to the development of scientific and progressive agriculture in an intensive manner in the areas which have High production potentials”. The idea was to cover at least 20% of the cultivated area of the country. The emphasis was on import crops such as Wheat, Rice, Millets, Cotton, Sugarcane, Potato, Pulses etc. The Intensive Agriculture Area programme (IAAP) paved the way for Green Revolution in the country.
High Yielding Variety Programme (HYVP): 1966-67 The High Yielding Variety Programme (HYVP) was launched in the Kharif of 1966-67 with an objective to attain self-sufficiency in food by 1970-71. The core philosophy of the programme was to increase the productivity of food grains by adopting latest varieties of inputs of crops. Introduction of new high yielding varieties of improved seeds and enhanced application of the fertilizers and extended use of pesticides were its main features. The Farmers were extended finance through a relaxed mechanism by the Reserve Bank of India through the Central Cooperative Banks. This programme in the 4th five year plan was a major breakthrough and a turning point in the history of agriculture development in India. The programme was successful in the wheat producing zones of the country and some success in the rice and other crops was also achieved. The High Yielding Variety Programme envisaged the introduction of High-yielding varieties of seeds Increased use of fertilizers Increased irrigation.
Green Revolution
The Green Revolution increased in production needed to make India self-sufficient in food grains. These three measures adopted for the improvement of agriculture, food grain production in India increased by 25% in 1967-68 as compared to 1966-67. It was a revolution because of so much increase in the production in just one year. The term “Green Revolution” was first used in 1968 by then USAID director William Gaud. Was Green Revolution confined to India? No, It started from Mexico with the efforts of Dr. Norman Borlaug and expanded to India, Pakistan, Philippines and other parts of the world. Who was Dr. Norman Borlaug? Dr. Norman Borlaug (1914-2009) was a United States agronomist and humanitarian who is called the father of Green Revolution. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 and was honored with Padma Vibhushan by the Government of India. After his PhD in plant pathology and genetics in 1942, he was on a agricultural research position in Mexico where he developed the high-yield, disease-resistant wheat varieties. How Norman’s efforts in Mexico expanded? Dr. Norman started the agricultural development in Mexico and made it a success. The sponsor of this programme was Rockefeller Foundation, whose office later became the “The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center” or CIMMYT. The foundation later sought to spread it to other countries. In India, M. S. Swaminathan was the adviser of the Minister of Agriculture and he had invited Dr. Borlaug to India. Which were the High Yielding Variety Seeds? The following HYV seeds were used in the green revolution: Wheat: Sona, PB 18, Kalyan Bajra: HV 1 Maize: Ganga 101, Ranjit Jowar : CSH 2 The seeds were first used under IADP but the HVYP used these seeds exhastively along with the other measures. What was the result of the Green Revolution? The following comparison of production of the major crops during the Green Revolution Era makes things clear: Years Total food Grains Rice Wheat Jowar 1955-56 693 286 88 67 1960-61 823 247 110 99 1967-68 950 376 187 76 1971-72 1051 430 264 77 1977-78 1250 526 313 120 We can see from the above table that Total food grains production in the country got double from 1955-56 to 1977-78 and the role of Green Revolution is evident from the increased production in 1971-72. The green revolution resulted in increased productivity in India. What was role of Dr. M S Swaminathan? Dr. MS Swaminathan is equally credited for Green Revolution in India. In words of Dr. Norman Borlaug: “The green revolution has been a team effort. However, to you, Dr. Swaminathan, a great deal of credit must go for “first recognizing” the potential of Mexican Dwarfs. Had this not occurred, it is quite possible that there would not have been a green revolution in Asia.” Swaminathan is known for having lobbied with then Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri to import 18000 tons of Mexican seed. He established National Bureau of Plant, Animal and Fish Genetic Resources of India and International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. What is Call for Evergreen Revolution? Dr. MS Swaminathan is at present chairman of National Commission on Farmers. He gives a new call for “Evergreen Revolution” for doubling the present production levels of the food grains. He stresses on adopting some best techniques and promotion of organic farming. The prerequisites as per Dr. Swaminathan are Promotion of soil health, Promotion of lab to land exhibitions, Making rainwater harvesting compulsory and providing credit to farmers on suitable conditions. What is the second Green Revolution adopted in 11th Plan? The 11th five year plan has targeted 4% growth in agriculture sector. However, the growth has not been achieved. The approach paper to the 11th five year plan had highlighted a framework which envisaged improvements such as doubling the rate of growth of irrigation area, improvement of water management, rainwater harvesting, watershed development, reclamation of degraded land, focusing on soil quality, bridging the knowledge gap, diversification into high value outputs etc. The National Commission on farmers had laid a foundation on such a network.
Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) Drought Prone Areas Programme (DPAP) is the “earliest area development programme” launched by the Central Government in 1973-74 to tackle the special problems faced by those fragile areas which are constantly affected by severe drought conditions. These areas are characterized by large human and cattle populations which are continuously putting heavy pressure on the already fragile natural resources base for food, fodder and fuel. The major problems are continuous depletion of vegetative cover, increase in soil erosion, fall in ground water levels due to continuous exploitation without any effort to recharge the underground aquifers. Current Status of DPAP Please note that in 1977-78, Desert Development Programme (DDP) was launched for hot desert areas of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana and cold desert areas of Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. Similarly, in 1989, Integrated Watershed Development Programme (IWDP) was launched under the aegis of National Wasteland Development Board for development of wastelands on watershed basis. In this context, In 1994, a Technical Committee under Chairmanship of Professor C.H. Hanumantha Rao was appointed to appraise the impact of DPAP / DDP and suggest measures for improvement. The committee recommended a common set of operational guidelines and expenditure norms for the three programmes of Ministry of Rural Development. Accordingly, the Guidelines for watershed Development were framed and brought into force from 1st April 1995. These guidelines were changed in 2001 and further in 2003 and were named ” Haryali Guidelines“. Later, the 11th Plan has stressed upon developing concerted action plans for rainfed areas in close consultation with the State Governments. Accordingly, the Common Guidelines for Watershed Development, 2008 have been issued and made effective from 1.4.2008. Since 26.2.2009, the three watershed programmes of the Department of Land Resources namely DPAP, DDP and IWDP have been consolidated as a comprehensive programme named ‘ Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP)‘. So, at present, the Integrated Wastelands Development Programme (IWDP), Drought Prone Areas Programme (DPAP) and Desert Development Programme (DDP) are running as a consolidated single programme named Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) in place of all the above mentioned three Area Development Programmes. (Information related to this topic is outdated in most books). This programme comes under Ministry of Rural Development.
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