Ans1:
Tribes are among the poorest and most marginalised sections of Indian society ,substantial
tribal population is illiterate and suffer from extreme poor physical health .
Developmental project have only increased the socio-economic gulf between tribals and rest of the citizens of India and left the former worse off on many counts.
Problem faced because of developmental projects
1) Land alienation - As per the report by committee, headed by Professor Virginius Xaxa, about 40 per cent of all people displaced in India due to development activity have been tribals and only 21.16 per cent of these have been resettled
2) Loss of livelihood : When outsiders exploit the tribe's land and its resources the natural life cycle of tribal ecology and tribal life is greatly disturbed. Forest resources being
only means of subsistence , deterioration of that increases poverty and indebtedness
Solution :-
1) Integration attempts should be made to bring them in mainstream society without destroying their distinctive identity.
2) Rights of tribal communities to say 'no' to acquisition of their land and to access and manage forests should be recognized
3) No tribal land should be alienated without the consent of the tribal gram sabha
Government should try to understand what is their (tribal’s) idea of development rather
than just imposing the one and should focus on community participation in each
and every developmental process
Ans2:
The concept of development has in recent decades become synonymous to industrialization and urbanisation. This influenced view towards development has had exclusionary impact, especially in the tribals in the following ways:
1. Resources
The tribals rely mainly on natural resources and agricultural for their survival, and are self-sufficient as a community. Encroachment upon their lands snatches away these resources from them without adequate compensation. Even the compensation that is made is monetary and can't restore their lifestyle.
2. Culture
Being thrown out of their lands, tribals have to undertake involuntary migration to cities. With little "urban skills" and inadequate support from the Government, they are left unemployed and hence poor. To meet their ends, they are forced to take up unskilled works of construction laborers, domestic servants etc and in the process lose their traditional cultures, art forms and knowledge. This is why there is growing extinction of traditional art forms in India.
Also, some of the tribals unable to adjust to the urban lifestyle turn to crime. This further hampers their image for the urban dwellers who then become unwilling to help the tribals.
3. Inadequate representation
The minority status of the tribals, in addition to the aforementioned factors, does not allow them enough representation to demand their rights. This way, the exploitation goes unabated.
Some of the steps that can be taken to address the issues of Tribals are as follows:
1. Strengthening implementation of Forests Act and Land Acquisition Act to protect their rights
2. Actively involve tribals in decisions relating to them through strong Tribal Parishads, Panchayati Raj Institutions and district administration.
3. Enhance awareness about the lifestyle and preferences of the tribals so that "urbanisation" is not assumed to be their need. For this, the development strategy needs to be relooked at in an inclusive manner.
4. Have a dedicated department to address the needs of the tribals
Thus, it os important that a blanket strategy of development not be assumed for all sections and that urbanisation/industrialization must give way to the idea of "Sarvodaya" as development
Ans3:
Forest is rightly said as Mother by the Tribals and worshiped for generations because it provide them food, shelter, medicines and their whole lives revolve around them. When forest are destroyed for mining or other bigger projects and tribals are displaced they not only loose their home but also their livelihood. Tribals affected in many ways:
1. On their displacement they generally stay in the nearest forest which also get polluted and their river, ground water are poisoned because of invasive mining.
2. Many a times tribals migrate to urban areas or town. Being unskilled or not comfortable with other languages, they are often deprived and exploited.
3. Since they are living in forest for generations they are not immune to normal diseases of urban areas.
4. They suffer from poor health and illiteracy which leads them at disadvantegous situation on displacement.
5. For long time they are living in forest,hence they lack economic value of their knowlege and vast economic difference already created. They often get very low price for the land they possess or not get anything while displaced.
For securing their interest and keeping them at least affected situation, we need to ponder on following reforms:
1. There should be no criminal charges against tribals defending their lands on various protest or police-tribals conflict.
2. No use of paramilitary forces in grabbing land.
3.Final veto power of land acquisition should be with Gram Sabha of tribal areas.
4. Many areas which habitat large amount of tribal areas are not included as Scheduled Areas. They should be included immediately in the list to get extra protection.
5. Change of Scheduled area to normal region should be make difficult and committee recommendation necessary.
6. Enlargement of scope of Punchayat (Extension to Schedule Areas ) Act so that, village council will be more powerful to take decision on allowing miners.
7. Greater and Strong implementation of Forest Rights Act, New Land Act. No transfer of land from Gram Sabha to private firm under PPP agreement. Govt should belong only to PSU or Govt even after tribal give consent.
Tribes are among the poorest and most marginalised sections of Indian society ,substantial
tribal population is illiterate and suffer from extreme poor physical health .
Developmental project have only increased the socio-economic gulf between tribals and rest of the citizens of India and left the former worse off on many counts.
Problem faced because of developmental projects
1) Land alienation - As per the report by committee, headed by Professor Virginius Xaxa, about 40 per cent of all people displaced in India due to development activity have been tribals and only 21.16 per cent of these have been resettled
2) Loss of livelihood : When outsiders exploit the tribe's land and its resources the natural life cycle of tribal ecology and tribal life is greatly disturbed. Forest resources being
only means of subsistence , deterioration of that increases poverty and indebtedness
Solution :-
1) Integration attempts should be made to bring them in mainstream society without destroying their distinctive identity.
2) Rights of tribal communities to say 'no' to acquisition of their land and to access and manage forests should be recognized
3) No tribal land should be alienated without the consent of the tribal gram sabha
Government should try to understand what is their (tribal’s) idea of development rather
than just imposing the one and should focus on community participation in each
and every developmental process
Ans2:
The concept of development has in recent decades become synonymous to industrialization and urbanisation. This influenced view towards development has had exclusionary impact, especially in the tribals in the following ways:
1. Resources
The tribals rely mainly on natural resources and agricultural for their survival, and are self-sufficient as a community. Encroachment upon their lands snatches away these resources from them without adequate compensation. Even the compensation that is made is monetary and can't restore their lifestyle.
2. Culture
Being thrown out of their lands, tribals have to undertake involuntary migration to cities. With little "urban skills" and inadequate support from the Government, they are left unemployed and hence poor. To meet their ends, they are forced to take up unskilled works of construction laborers, domestic servants etc and in the process lose their traditional cultures, art forms and knowledge. This is why there is growing extinction of traditional art forms in India.
Also, some of the tribals unable to adjust to the urban lifestyle turn to crime. This further hampers their image for the urban dwellers who then become unwilling to help the tribals.
3. Inadequate representation
The minority status of the tribals, in addition to the aforementioned factors, does not allow them enough representation to demand their rights. This way, the exploitation goes unabated.
Some of the steps that can be taken to address the issues of Tribals are as follows:
1. Strengthening implementation of Forests Act and Land Acquisition Act to protect their rights
2. Actively involve tribals in decisions relating to them through strong Tribal Parishads, Panchayati Raj Institutions and district administration.
3. Enhance awareness about the lifestyle and preferences of the tribals so that "urbanisation" is not assumed to be their need. For this, the development strategy needs to be relooked at in an inclusive manner.
4. Have a dedicated department to address the needs of the tribals
Thus, it os important that a blanket strategy of development not be assumed for all sections and that urbanisation/industrialization must give way to the idea of "Sarvodaya" as development
Ans3:
Forest is rightly said as Mother by the Tribals and worshiped for generations because it provide them food, shelter, medicines and their whole lives revolve around them. When forest are destroyed for mining or other bigger projects and tribals are displaced they not only loose their home but also their livelihood. Tribals affected in many ways:
1. On their displacement they generally stay in the nearest forest which also get polluted and their river, ground water are poisoned because of invasive mining.
2. Many a times tribals migrate to urban areas or town. Being unskilled or not comfortable with other languages, they are often deprived and exploited.
3. Since they are living in forest for generations they are not immune to normal diseases of urban areas.
4. They suffer from poor health and illiteracy which leads them at disadvantegous situation on displacement.
5. For long time they are living in forest,hence they lack economic value of their knowlege and vast economic difference already created. They often get very low price for the land they possess or not get anything while displaced.
For securing their interest and keeping them at least affected situation, we need to ponder on following reforms:
1. There should be no criminal charges against tribals defending their lands on various protest or police-tribals conflict.
2. No use of paramilitary forces in grabbing land.
3.Final veto power of land acquisition should be with Gram Sabha of tribal areas.
4. Many areas which habitat large amount of tribal areas are not included as Scheduled Areas. They should be included immediately in the list to get extra protection.
5. Change of Scheduled area to normal region should be make difficult and committee recommendation necessary.
6. Enlargement of scope of Punchayat (Extension to Schedule Areas ) Act so that, village council will be more powerful to take decision on allowing miners.
7. Greater and Strong implementation of Forest Rights Act, New Land Act. No transfer of land from Gram Sabha to private firm under PPP agreement. Govt should belong only to PSU or Govt even after tribal give consent.
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