india which seen its parttion on religion basis was afraid of bulkanisation of india further on linguistic basis considering its linguistic diversity and regional supirioirty on the basis of language and culture over national assimilation.
two seperate issue which haunted indian democracy and strenghtened sepratist demand were
1.issue of national language and offcial language.Hindi was supported by many due to majority speaking but was rejected by non Hindi speking states due to fear of percieved intervention in their language and culture.official language commision was set up in 1955 which later decided to hindi language as official with english as assosiate language with gradual replacement of former to later.
but due to huge protest OFFICIAL LANGUAGE ACT 1963 and later amendement by Indira govt. hidi language as official language with english as assosiate language with no time limit.
but due to huge protest OFFICIAL LANGUAGE ACT 1963 and later amendement by Indira govt. hidi language as official language with english as assosiate language with no time limit.
apart from it in consttituion sch 8 consider 22 language as indian languages.
2.Second issue was complex issue that is reorganization of states on lingustic basis.soon after independence every provinces has movement like SAMYUKTA KARNATKA,VISALANDRA MOVEmENT and other states like gujrat,maharastra.punjab and tamil nadu were demading seperate states
.Dhar commision appointed to resolve issue rejected the idea of devision of statses on linguistic basis. but later fazl commision accepted the idea and suggested 14 states on the basis of language. later state reorganization act 1956 created states and resolve the iisue although still some small pocket were not satisfied but major problem were resolved.
.Dhar commision appointed to resolve issue rejected the idea of devision of statses on linguistic basis. but later fazl commision accepted the idea and suggested 14 states on the basis of language. later state reorganization act 1956 created states and resolve the iisue although still some small pocket were not satisfied but major problem were resolved.
so language is mojor linking factor but also can be seen as factionist factor which was the case in post independent india.This was Nehru's vision and dream of uniting india and also efforts of potti sriramulu(VISALANDHRA MOVEMENT) which solved the problem and avoid separation of states.
Ans2:
Linguistic identity has been a strong force in the multilinguistic Indian society. The language issue in India manifested itself in two forms:
(A) Dispute over Official Language
Upon independence, it was decided that Hindi be adopted as the Central Government's official language (OL). This move was opposed by speakers of other languages, who feared that adoption of Hindi as the OL would place them at a disadvantage in the educational and economic spheres besides being a threat to their culture. This group advocated the retention of English as the OL. However, this suggestion was unacceptable to the proponents of Hindi, who saw English as a symbol of imperialism. While the constitutional makers recognised the fact that Hindi was spoken by the majority and played an instrumental role during the national struggle, they could not ignore the interests of other linguistic groups. Therefore, a compromise was arrived at - both Hindi and English would be used as official languages till 1965, after which Hindi would become the sole OL. The idea was to ease the transition of the use of Hindi by promotion of Hindi education. But the spread of education was too slow to make an impact and ultimately the Official Language Act was amended in 1965 to adopt bilingualism indefinitely.
Upon independence, it was decided that Hindi be adopted as the Central Government's official language (OL). This move was opposed by speakers of other languages, who feared that adoption of Hindi as the OL would place them at a disadvantage in the educational and economic spheres besides being a threat to their culture. This group advocated the retention of English as the OL. However, this suggestion was unacceptable to the proponents of Hindi, who saw English as a symbol of imperialism. While the constitutional makers recognised the fact that Hindi was spoken by the majority and played an instrumental role during the national struggle, they could not ignore the interests of other linguistic groups. Therefore, a compromise was arrived at - both Hindi and English would be used as official languages till 1965, after which Hindi would become the sole OL. The idea was to ease the transition of the use of Hindi by promotion of Hindi education. But the spread of education was too slow to make an impact and ultimately the Official Language Act was amended in 1965 to adopt bilingualism indefinitely.
(B) Linguistic Organisation of States
The demand for reorganisation of States on linguistic lines arose immediately after independence. The national leadership was opposed to such reorganisation as it was thought that the same would undermine national unity and integrity. As a consequence, the Dhar Commission and the JVP committee, both rejected language as the basis for reorganisation. The demand only intensified especially in the Telugu speaking regions of Madras State, where agitation was led by one Potti Sriramulu. His death after a 56 day hunger strike forced the government to create the first linguistic state - Andhra. This was followed by the appointment of the State Reorganisation Commission to examine the question holistically. The commission broadly accepted language as the basis of reorganisation and this was followed by a massive reorganisation exercise.
The demand for reorganisation of States on linguistic lines arose immediately after independence. The national leadership was opposed to such reorganisation as it was thought that the same would undermine national unity and integrity. As a consequence, the Dhar Commission and the JVP committee, both rejected language as the basis for reorganisation. The demand only intensified especially in the Telugu speaking regions of Madras State, where agitation was led by one Potti Sriramulu. His death after a 56 day hunger strike forced the government to create the first linguistic state - Andhra. This was followed by the appointment of the State Reorganisation Commission to examine the question holistically. The commission broadly accepted language as the basis of reorganisation and this was followed by a massive reorganisation exercise.
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